Anonymous (group) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Anonymous (used as a proper noun) is a loosely associated international network of activist and hacktivist entities. A website nominally associated with the group describes it as "an Internet gathering" with "a very loose and decentralized command structure that operates on ideas rather than directives". The group became known for a series of well- publicized publicity stunts and distributed denial- of- service (DDo. S) attacks on government, religious, and corporate websites. Anonymous originated in 2. Anonymous members (known as "Anons") can be distinguished in public by the wearing of stylised Guy Fawkes masks.[5]In its early form, the concept was adopted by a decentralized online community acting anonymously in a coordinated manner, usually toward a loosely self- agreed goal, and primarily focused on entertainment, or "lulz". Mintel Business Market Research Report on Footwear Retailing - UK, Providing Analysis on Consumer Behaviour, Trends, Market Sizes, Opportunities And More. SANS 560 Network Penetration Testing and Ethical Hacking course prepares you to conduct successful pen testing and ethical hacking projects. Beginning with 2. Project Chanology—a series of protests, pranks, and hacks targeting the Church of Scientology—the Anonymous collective became increasingly associated with collaborative hacktivism on a number of issues internationally. Individuals claiming to align themselves with Anonymous undertook protests and other actions (including direct action) in retaliation against anti- digital piracy campaigns by motion picture and recording industry trade associations. Later targets of Anonymous hacktivism included government agencies of the US, Israel, Tunisia, Uganda, and others; ISIS; child pornography sites; copyright protection agencies; the Westboro Baptist Church; and corporations such as Pay. Pal, Master. Card, Visa, and Sony. Anons have publicly supported Wiki. Leaks and the Occupy movement. Related groups Lulz. Sec and Operation Anti. Sec carried out cyberattacks on US government agencies, media, video game companies, military contractors, military personnel, and police officers, resulting in the attention of law enforcement to the groups' activities. Some actions by the group have been described as being anti- Zionist. It has threatened to erase Israel from the Internet[6][dubious– discuss] and engaged in the "#Op. Israel" cyber- attacks of Israeli websites on Yom Ha.
Shoah (Holocaust Remembrance Day) in 2. Dozens of people have been arrested for involvement in Anonymous cyberattacks, in countries including the US, UK, Australia, the Netherlands, Spain, and Turkey. Evaluations of the group's actions and effectiveness vary widely. Supporters have called the group "freedom fighters"[8] and digital Robin Hoods[9] while critics have described them as "a cyber lynch- mob"[1. In 2. 01. 2, Time called Anonymous one of the "1. Mintel Report on Chips, Salsa and Dips - US, January 2015. The US chips, salsa, and dips category is expected to increase moderately between 20, driven by. Philosophy. Anonymous has no strictly defined philosophy, and internal dissent is a regular feature of the group. [2] A website associated with the group describes it. As cyber attacks increase, so does the demand for information security professionals who possess true network penetration testing and ethical hacking skills. To assist the public and governmental agencies in understanding the requirements and exemptions to Florida's open government laws, the Attorney General's Office. Philosophy. Anonymous has no strictly defined philosophy, and internal dissent is a regular feature of the group. A website associated with the group describes it as "an Internet gathering" with "a very loose and decentralized command structure that operates on ideas rather than directives". Gabriella Coleman writes of the group, "In some ways, it may be impossible to gauge the intent and motive of thousands of participants, many of who don't even bother to leave a trace of their thoughts, motivations, and reactions. Among those that do, opinions vary considerably."[1. Broadly speaking, Anons oppose internet censorship and control, and the majority of their actions target governments, organizations, and corporations that they accuse of censorship. Anons were early supporters of the global Occupy movement and the Arab Spring. Since 2. 00. 8, a frequent subject of disagreement within Anonymous is whether members should focus on pranking and entertainment or more serious (and in some cases political) activism. We [Anonymous] just happen to be a group of people on the Internet who need—just kind of an outlet to do as we wish, that we wouldn't be able to do in regular society. That's more or less the point of it. Do as you wish. .. There's a common phrase: 'we are doing it for the lulz.'”Because Anonymous has no leadership, no action can be attributed to the membership as a whole. Parmy Olson and others have criticized media coverage that presents the group as well- organized or homogeneous; Olson writes, "There was no single leader pulling the levers, but a few organizational minds that sometimes pooled together to start planning a stunt." Some members protest using legal means, while others employ illegal measures such as DDo. S attacks and hacking. Membership is open to anyone who wishes to state they are a member of the collective; Carole Cadwalladr of The Observer compared the group's decentralized structure to that of al- Qaeda, writing, "If you believe in Anonymous, and call yourself Anonymous, you are Anonymous."[2. Olson, who formerly described Anonymous as a "brand", stated in 2. It is a crowd of people, a nebulous crowd of people, working together and doing things together for various purposes."[2. The group's few rules include not disclosing one's identity, not talking about the group, and not attacking media. Members commonly use the tagline "We are Anonymous. We are Legion. We do not forgive. We do not forget. Expect us."[2. 3] Brian Kelly writes that three of the group's key characteristics are "(1) an unrelenting moral stance on issues and rights, regardless of direct provocation; (2) a physical presence that accompanies online hacking activity; and (3) a distinctive brand."Journalists have commented that Anonymous' secrecy, fabrications, and media awareness pose an unusual challenge for reporting on the group's actions and motivations.[2. Quinn Norton of Wired writes that "Anons lie when they have no reason to lie. They weave vast fabrications as a form of performance. Then they tell the truth at unexpected and unfortunate times, sometimes destroying themselves in the process. They are unpredictable."[2. Norton states that the difficulties in reporting on the group cause most writers, including herself, to focus on the "small groups of hackers who stole the limelight from a legion, defied their values, and crashed violently into the law" rather than "Anonymous’s sea of voices, all experimenting with new ways of being in the world".[2. History. 4chan raids (2. KTTV Fox 1. 1 investigative report on Anonymous. The report focused on what were then contemporary instances of internet bullying by Anonymous.[2. The name Anonymous itself is inspired by the perceived anonymity under which users post images and comments on the Internet. Usage of the term Anonymous in the sense of a shared identity began on imageboards, particularly the /b/ board of 4chan, dedicated to random content. A tag of Anonymous is assigned to visitors who leave comments without identifying the originator of the posted content. Users of imageboards sometimes jokingly acted as if Anonymous was a single individual. The concept of the Anonymous entity advanced in 2. Forced_Anon" protocol that signed all posts as Anonymous. As the popularity of imageboards increased, the idea of Anonymous as a collective of unnamed individuals became an Internet meme.[2. Users of 4chan's /b/ board would occasionally join into mass pranks or raids. In a raid on July 1. Finnish social networking site Habbo Hotel with identical avatars; the avatars blocked regular Habbo members from accessing the digital hotel's pool, stating it was "closed due to fail and AIDS". Future Lulz. Sec member Topiary became involved with the site at this time, inviting large audiences to listen to his prank phone calls via Skype.[a] Due to the growing traffic on 4chan's boards, users soon began to plot pranks offline using Internet Relay Chat (IRC). These raids resulted in the first mainstream press story on Anonymous, a report by Fox station KTTV in Los Angeles, California in the U. S. The report called the group "hackers on steroids", "domestic terrorists", and an "Internet hate machine".[2. Encyclopedia Dramatica (2. Encyclopedia Dramatica was founded in 2. Sherrod Di. Grippo, initially as a means of documenting gossip related to livejournal, but it quickly was adopted as a major platform by Anonymous for satirical and other purposes.[3. The not safe for work site celebrates a subversive "trolling culture", and documents Internet memes, culture, and events, such as mass pranks, trolling events, "raids", large scale failures of Internet security, and criticism of Internet communities that are accused of self- censorship in order to garner prestige or positive coverage from traditional and established media outlets. Journalist Julian Dibbell described Encyclop. Г¦dia Dramatica as the site "where the vast parallel universe of Anonymous in- jokes, catchphrases, and obsessions is lovingly annotated, and you will discover an elaborate trolling culture: Flamingly racist and misogynist content lurks throughout, all of it calculated to offend."[3. The site also played a role in the anti- Scientology campaign of Project Chanology.[3. On April 1. 4, 2. URL of the site was redirected to a new website named Oh Internet that bore little resemblance to Encyclopedia Dramatica. Parts of the ED community harshly criticized the changes.[3. In response, Anonymous launched "Operation Save ED" to rescue and restore the site's content.[3. The Web Ecology Project made a downloadable archive of former Encyclopedia Dramatica content.[3. The site's reincarnation was initially hosted at encyclopediadramatica. Ryan Cleary, who later was arrested in relation to attacks by Lulz. Sec against Sony. Project Chanology (2. Anonymous first became associated with hacktivism[b] in 2. Church of Scientology known as Project Chanology. On January 1. 5, 2. Gawker posted a video in which celebrity Scientologist Tom Cruise praised the religion; [4. Church responded with a cease- and- desist letter for violation of copyright.[4. Church in retaliation, prank- calling its hotline, sending black faxes designed to waste ink cartridges, and launching DDo. S attacks against its websites.[4. The DDo. S attacks were at first carried out with the applications Gigaloader and JMeter. Biometrics: Enhancing security in the public and private sectors : Asia Pacific Security Magazine. By APSM on Aug 0. Tech. Time. By Scott M. Bernat. Approaching the immigration counters at the Soekarno- Hatta International Airport in Jakarta, Indonesia you are required by the immigration officer to not only provide your passport, but also a fingerprint scan as well as stand for a personal photograph. At times the approach lines are long and the process seems tedious as you wonder what the information will be used for and who will have access to it. Collection of your personal identification characteristics by technical means might seem intrusive and a bit futuristic but it has increasingly become a part of our everyday lives. Biometric information is that unique part of a person that distinguishes them from all others. People can change their names, addresses, telephone numbers and identification documents but cannot change their collective biometric identity. WHAT ARE BIOMETRICS? Biometrics are technologies used for measuring and analyzing a person’s unique characteristics. There are two types of biometric characteristics: behavioral and physical. Behavioral biometrics are generally used for verification while physical biometrics can be used for either identification or verification. Behavioral traits include vocal patterns, signature styles, keystroke analysis and the manner in which a person walks (gait). Physical biometrics include facial features, hand/palm prints, fingerprints and eyes (iris/retina), with fingerprints being the most widely recognized and used biometric, both in the public and private sectors. Biometric data is collected and stored on a database where it can be accessed and compared at a later date to verify or identify a particular person. Biometrics are being used in both the public and private sectors, routinely controlling access to everything from computers and computer accounts, banks and financial records to office and residential buildings, sports venues, theme parks and country border crossings. This technology is often combined with the necessity to use a password, magnetic stripe card (also known as a swipe card) and/or other means to gain access, thus adding additional security precautions. TECHNOLOGYThe equipment used to capture biometric data comes in both portable and non- portable sizes. The initial entry of biometric information into a database via this equipment is called an enrollment. Biometric data is captured by various devices, to include fingerprint, hand/palm and iris scanners, as well as cameras to capture facial features. Some devices often combine all features within a single piece of equipment. Once the individual’s biometric data is entered into the device, it is then uploaded into a main computer database and stored for future identification and/or authentication purposes. BIOMETRICS IN THE PUBLIC SECTORBorder Control Systems in many countries utilize biometrics to identify and track travelers, effectively enhancing the safety and security of its borders. Biometric passports are being used in many countries and include smart card technology to catalogue and database personal information, easily retrievable through computer interface. In Southeast Asia for instance Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand all utilize biometrics technology for border entry control. The U. S. utilizes a small integrated circuit or “chip” embedded in the passport. The chip contains stored biometric data, to include a photograph and a digitized signature to aid in authentication of the document. For U. S. Visas the chosen biometric identifier method is a digital photo and electronic fingerprints. All fingers of a visa applicant are electronically scanned in a quick, inkless process during the consular officer’s interview with the applicant. Government and law enforcement agencies have used biometrics for many years, with fingerprinting being the standard and most well- known method of collection around the world. Government employees and contractors requiring security clearances are often fingerprinted, as are military recruits, with subsequent database checks conducted to ascertain past affiliations, criminal records and suitability for employment. Individuals involved in criminal investigations are routinely fingerprinted and their data is entered into a centralized criminal database, if one exists. The U. S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) utilizes the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS), the largest biometric database in the world, to help solve and prevent crime and catch criminals and terrorists. Often times the safety and security of the public, as well as the successful resolution of a criminal case relies on the ability to accurately and rapidly recall this stored biometric data. A single fingerprint left behind at a crime scene can lead to the identification of a suspect and successful prosecution of a case. The U. S. Department of Defense routinely utilizes biometrics technology to facilitate the security clearance process, control access to sensitive facilities, conduct criminal and subversive record background checks on foreign national contractors seeking to do business with the U. S. Government, track militants and insurgents as well as positively identify individuals during personnel recovery operations. Maritime Interdiction and anti- Piracy Operations routinely involve the use of biometrics to positively identify and/or document the individuals encountered, regardless of their claimed identity or identification documents produced. BIOMETRICS USE IN THE PRIVATE SECTORThe use of biometrics technology in the private sector has grown exponentially, serving to not only protect personal property and financial transactions but also ensure employee integrity. Multi- factor authentication methods, incorporating biometrics, are being used to control access to everything from personal computers, ATM machines, residential and office complexes to just about every mode of transportation to include luxury automobiles, aircraft and boats. Businesses utilizing fingerprint biometrics as part of their point- of- sale systems report an improvement in employee accountability, an increase in sales, and a reduction in both unauthorized transactions and payroll fraud. The employee time card clock- in method allowed for anyone to “punch” a co- worker’s timecard, often when the co- worker did not come to work. Positive identification of an employee is now gained via the requirement to be physically present and scan their fingerprint to establish actual work attendance. Financial institutions in several countries, to include Japan, employ the use of “Finger vein” technology as part of their multi- factor authentication approach for ATM customers. In addition to utilizing a bank card and/or personal identification number (PIN), customers place their finger on the console and an infrared light detects a unique pattern of micro- veins beneath the surface of the finger. This is then matched with a pre- registered profile to verify an individual’s identity. Biometrics technology and its use are now commonplace in the recreational entertainment and sports industries. Family entertainment companies, to include The Walt Disney Company Resorts and Sea. World Parks and Entertainment, utilize biometrics to control the use of theme park access passes, ensuring that the original purchaser does not, without proper authorization, transfer use of the same pass to multiple users. This ensures that everyone must purchase their own pass, effectively increasing park revenue and decreasing fraudulent pass use. Sports venue management includes stadium and arena security, with large venues often incorporating biometrics technology in the ticketing and entrance processes. Not only does this serve to control fraudulent ticket and pass sales but also assists law enforcement in identifying and controlling potential problems through the identification of known or suspected criminals and terrorists. PART OF OUR EVERYDAY LIVESAs you can see, the use of biometrics to ensure our safety and security, as well as business integrity is commonplace. Our photograph and fingerprints have been utilized to verify our identities, protect our lives and secure our assets for many years now. Biometric identifiers have been and will continue to be the standard means used to document and verify identities within both the public and private sectors. Biometrics technology has become more and more visible to us, greeting our arrival at airports, seaports, land borders, businesses and residential complexes. As we understand more about this technology and its uses we can develop a better appreciation for the security it provides in our everyday lives. For additional information please see “Biometrics: Enhancing Security in Organizations”, Babita Gupta, IBM Center for The Business of Government, 2. About the Author. Scott M. Bernat is a civilian Special Agent of the US Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS), currently assigned to the US Embassy Jakarta, Indonesia Force Protection Detachment as the Resident Agent in Charge and Chief of US Military Security. During his 2. 4+ year career, he has worked as a security professional throughout Asia, Australia/Oceania, Central America, Europe, the Middle East, and the United States. See http: //id. linkedin.
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